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A
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
MOROBE PROVINCE
Compiled By
Sam Tua Kaima and Biama Kanasa
Tuesday, January 05, 1999
University of Papua New Guinea
Port Moresby
First Edition
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography was put together in a short period of time during the
Christmas vacation, 1998-1999. It was done with a view that the first edition
will be launched early in 1999. The work of compiling a bibliography of a
province can be time consuming unless one knows his/her sources to get
information from. There had been attempts in the past to list sources about the
Province but a large and an extensive bibliography as such was never produced.
This is the first major attempt, which will hopefully be a continuous project.
The bibliography will hopefully help people who want to research on Morobe and
at the same time inform those who have already published and or are researching
about the province to help update and upgrade future editions.
I : BACKGROUND OF THE PROVINCE
The Morobe Province on northeast coast of Papua New Guinea takes it name
from former German capital Morobe, southeast of the present Headquarters, Lae.
The Morobe Post was the headquarters during New Guinea Compangie era. This was
because it was close to the border of British New Guinea and the Germans had
easy access between the Carolinian islands and Samoa using the Morobe Harbour.
In 1926 when gold was discovered in Wau the headquarters was moved to Salamaua
as it became the centre of activity relating to the gold mine. In 1937 Lae
became the Headquarters of German New Guinea when the volcano destroyed Rabaul.
Apart from outlying islands the Province has a coastline of 250 miles. It
borders Eastern Highlands Province and the Madang Provinces on the west and
north respectively. While to the south is the Oro Province. To the east of
the Huon Peninsula is the West New Britain Province, with the Siassi islands
sandwiched between the two, although Siassi islands are closer to West New
Britain Province between Vitiaz and Dampier Straits. To the southeast is the
Gulf province where the Kukukuku cousins share the border with the Marawaka in
the East Highlands Province, the Kamea/Kaintiba of Gulf Province and the
Memyamya in the Morobe Province.
For administrative purposes the Province was divided during colonial era into
seven sub districts, which have continued to present day and these are Lae,
Finschhafen, Wau, Kaiapit, Mumeng, Kabwum and Memyamya. There were further
subdivisions of these Districts into Patrol Posts. The Patrol Posts (later Sub
Districts) are Aseki, Garaina, Morobe, Wau, Pindiu, Wasu, Boana and Wantoat.
(Refer to map)
It is not the purpose here to write a history of Morobe Province. However,
events during the former territory of New Guinea shaped historical developments
in Morobe. The different Districts of the Province will have their own
contact history and can be presented with further research.
II: CHRONOLOGY
There are numerous sources that will show dates of importance of the
Districts and their expansion. Some of these sources are listed below in this
bibliography. Sam Kaima had, for example, listed the dates of significance of
the Wantoat after consulting different sources during his research and others can do the same for their own districts. There had been attempts in the past to construct a history of
contact situations in Morobe. Amongst these are Ian Willis, History of Morobe
and Phillip Holzknecht's Chronology of events during the German colonial period
from 1884 to 1930. These two sources can be used as stepping-stones to
writing a history of the Province. In fact some dates and events outlined
here are taken from these sources. According to Willis's chronology following
dates are listed:
1793 Bruni D'Entrecasteux sailed up tail of New Guinea into the Gulf
he named Houn de Kermadec. He thought Salamaua was an island.
1856 Italian Catholic priests arrived at Mandok Island, Siassi
before being forced to leave by disease.
1874 John Moresby on HMS Basilisk sails along Huon Gulf and names
Parsee Point (Salamaua), the Markham, Rawlinson Ranges, and
explores around the Markham mouth, and meet up with people
along the coast; who according to him seem to have met white
men before.
1884 Otto Finsch on `Samoa' explores New Guinea under New Guinea
Kompangie and selects Finschhafen as a best site for company
settlement. In the same year Northeast New Guinea and Offshore
islands was claimed by Germany, while Britain claimed Southeast
New Guinea. (later Papua).
1886 Georg von Schlientz, a New Guinea company representative
arrives in Finschhafen to set up settlement on Madang island.
He undertakes exploration along the coast and name areas with
prominent German names, like Dregerhafen, Steinmetz Point,
Bavaria Bay, etc. He points that one-day the Markham mouth will
become an important port for trade. Martin Dreger explores the
Huon Gulf on `Samoa' and travels up stream on the Markham and
saw villagers, who were willing to trade for iron. During the
same year Lutheran missionary Johann Flierl arrives in Simbang,
Finschhafen. He decides to use the local language; Jabem as the
mission lingua franca.
1887 The New Guinea Kompangie abandons Finschhafen because of
malaria and decides to move to Stephensort, Madang. The
Lutheran mission stayed on and expanded its influence along
coastal villages.
1900 New Guinea Kompangie land acquisition in Lae.
1907 Lae Wampar raid villages at Lae and Labu.
1909 Stephen Lehner and Dr. Richard Neuhauss visit Lae Wampar to
establish peace among the warring tribes.
1910-11 Ten Lutheran mission stations, including Lae and Gabmatzung
among the Lae Wampar were established.
1913 Burberg (Lae) gazetted as a patrol post, Morobe was still the
District Headquarters then.
1914 Australian Military Occupation of former German New Guinea as a
result of the outbreak of World War I.
1921-1925 Civil Administration restored in New Guinea as an Australian
Mandated Territory for the League of Nations.
1926 Gold is discovered in Eddie Creek, near Wau. There was a gold
rush. Salamaua becomes a port of call for all activities
relating to Wau gold fields.
1937 Lae becomes the capital of New Guinea, replacing Rabaul.
1942 Japanese bomb Lae, Salamaua and Bulolo on 21st January.
Japanese land in Lae on 8th of March and was to last for 19
months.
1942-1945 War arrives in New Guinea and there is a military
administration in the Territory. The administration was
referred to by ANGAU which stands for Australian New Guinea
Administrative Unit.
1943 Following the losses in Buna and Kokoda Trail, the Japanese
fall back to Lae.
1945-1950 Slow recovery of the territory.
1950-1975 Period of rapid expansion in the territory.
1960s Lutheran church goes into business launching Lutheran Shipping
and Namasu.
1964 First House of Assembly Election.
1968 Second House of Assembly Election
1972 Third House of Assembly Election
1970-1974 Pitenamu influences among the hinterland areas of Morobe,
including Pindiu, Tewae, Nabak and Mumeng. (See Robert Adams
for more details.
1975 Political independence.
1976 National Parliament Election
1980 National Population Census
1982 National Election
1987 National Election
1992 National Election
1997 National Election
The above dates have been listed to show some idea of the role of European
expansion in Morobe District during the period. Individual sub districts in
the province can be able to use these dates to search for information about
their own areas. Elderly informants in many of our districts will remember
events in the past according to these activities. There is indeed a need for a
further study in the history of Morobe.
The establishment of Lae in 1913 meant the expansion and exploration of
hinterland areas of the District, as well as regular contacts with the people.
Lae has its own history of development and readers will find it interesting
reading Ian Willis' account of the historical development of Lae. When Lae eventually became the headquarters of New Guinea, expansion into the highlands and other areas of Morobe was to be
felt by the villagers. Contacts and establishment of law and order became
regular for the people, as a result Districts, and patrol posts were
established in rural Morobe. The present different districts in the province
resemble the development of this colonial expansion mechanism.
III. ABOUT THIS BIBLIORAPHY
The Morobe Province bibliography is meant as a research guide to those
who want to conduct research in the province in future. This bibliography is
one of the projects of Morobe Province Historical Research Committee set up by
Morobe UPNG academic staff and students with a promise of financial help from
the Provincial Government, under Governor Luther Wenge. The bibliography is
one of these projects envisaged by the Committee, the Committee will arrange
research and workshops in future.
This edition of the Bibliography is not comprehensive, as not all the sources
are listed. There is no date range and no subject limitations, as all sources
identified during our research are listed. We are sure some of the sources
will be omitted in this bibliography. All unpublished manuscripts including
theses (B.A. (Hons.); MA; and Ph.D.) held in the NGC have been included as
well. Manuscripts presented at conferences and or seminars both in Papua New
Guinea and overseas have also been included in this bibliography. We are sure
more of these sources will become available in future and people writing thesis
and or presenting conference papers should inform us of these presentations.
Other language text, including German, Tok Pisin, Kate, Jabem and tok ples
texts held in the NGC have been included. Our only problem is the translation
of German text to understand if the sources include some material on Morobe. We
hope people who are able to translate these sources will help add to the list
for future editions.
IV. ORIGINS AND ARRANGEMENT
Biama Kanasa started this bibliography by researching at UPNG and
University of Technology libraries. He had his original list which we looked at and decided more should be added on before the first edition was published. With the help of staff of NGC,
UPNG library especially, May A. Balagaise, we were able to get a full printout
of sources on Morobe. In fact most of the items listed in this bibliography
are held in NGC and one should have no problem getting copies of unpublished as
well as published materials from there. Being the first edition of the
bibliography there is no index but hopefully future ones will include indexes.
This is a straightforward list arranged in alphabetical order by author's
surname. In case there is no individual author corporate names have been used.
for example Morobe District Historical Society, or
Pacific Islands Monthly, Papua New Guinea Department of Primary
Industry, Department of Morobe, etc. Titles of periodicals have been
highlighted, underlined, bolded and given italics as well as title of books in
which a chapter appears. For this edition we have included Times of
Papua New Guinea articles on Morobe and we hope to include Post Courier
articles on Morobe in the second edition. There is of course the Post Courier
Selective Index that one can look through if
interested, while the Times of PNG (later Saturday Independent) Index has also
been produced in the past. Both thes indexes remain to be updated.
Researchers will need to look up these indexes if interested in news items.
V. SOURCES USED FOR COMPILING THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aside from using the New Guinea Collection Library Database printout,
few other sources have been used to help identify sources listed in this
bibliography. The Morobe District Historical Society journals have been used at
the early stage and we are glad to have found in this journal a start of the
Morobe Province Bibliography by Phillip Holzknecht and all
materials listed in it have been included in this bibliography. We wish to
thank Philip for starting this worthwhile project.
Peter Sack's, German New Guinea: A Bibliography lists German
materials and because both of us are not fully versed in German we were not
able to list all these sources in Sack's bibliography. However, materials
identifiable and resemble Morobe has been included. We hope this can be done in
the future. An Ethnographic Bibliography of New Guinea also
lists some valuable information on Morobe and some of these have been included
in this bibliography. The problem with the Ethnographic bibliography is that
it was published in 1968 and it has not been updated as yet and will require
searches as well to up date on sources on Morobe. The other problem with the
ethnographic bibliography is that there will be sources listed here which may
seem not related to Morobe, but have been included in the District Index. It is simply because of this that they have been listed in this bibliography. There is however a need for extensive search
in these sources to identify more sources that have not been included in this
edition of the bibliography. Sam Kaima's own list of sources on cargo cults
has also been used to include in this bibliography as well. A Bibliography of Cargo Cults in the Momase region was compiled for a Diploma course and expanded
later. Momase region had been sporadic with the influences of so called Cargo
cults and Morobe has been one of them and as such a short list of sources on
this was compiled. Robert Adams has discussed the historical developments of
Pitenamu, a magico religious movement in the hinterland areas of Morobe in
detail. Sam Kaima later on compiled a larger version encompassing Melanesia
titled, Bibliography of Cargo Cults and other Religious Phenomena in
Melanesia. Two volumes of the Cumulative Index to the Pacific Islands Monthly were used to identify sources on Morobe. This
is an well-arranged index, although an index to Pacific Islands Monthly issues
after 1955 remains to be produced. Materials taken from this list will have a
town listed in brackets, for example, [Lae]. Thus, this bibliography will only
include Pacific Islands Monthly articles to July 1955. In this case the index
to districts have been used to identify sources on parts of Morobe, while
author and subject indexes have been ignored. In fact the Pacific Islands
Monthly list became so large we have been able to produce an Index to articles
on Morobe that appeared between 1935 and 1955. Another of Phillip
Holzknecht's work. An annotated Bibliography of German-language
material held by the New Guinea Collection of the University of Papua New
Guinea was also used to identify more sources for this bibliography.
His annotations in English made it easier for us to identify sources on Morobe.
In this bibliography the English annotations have been omitted and the German
language text listed.
Mistakes in this bibliography are responsibilities of the compilers, when
discovered it should be relayed to us so that changes can be made for inclusion
in the next edition. If works have been omitted it is not deliberate, please
let us know so that we can add on. While this edition is being printed
research is continuing and additions, corrections and changes will be made
before the second edition comes out. Written comments and suggestions for
improvements are most welcome. Please contact the compilers.
ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
Several colleagues and friends in the library at UPNG had assisted in
the production of this first version. Moses Saufkaur, provided some helpful
leads to information sources on Morobe. Thomas Toromo assisted in checking
references to make sure correct dates, place of publications and page numbers
are included. In the bindery, Peter Aisi, Rudolph Pisiro ensured that all
draft versions were fastened together so that one page does not disappear. The
computers of the Computer Services Unit at UPNG was used to print the final
version of this bibliography.
---------------------- ------------------------
Sam Tua Kaima Biama Kanasa
Senior Lecturer, Lecturer
School of Social Sciences and Development School of Humanities
P.O. Box 320 P.O. Box 320
University Post Office University Post Office
Phone 3267 434/3267464 Phone. 3267 681 (w)
E-mail: istkaima@upng.ac.pg
ALPHABETICAL LIST BY AUTHORS
Tuesday, January 05, 1999
Abbott, L.D. and E.A. Silver.
1991. Ecology of the Southern Finisterre Range: A Case History of Modern
Arc-Continent Collision. In; Papua New Guinea Geology, Exploration and
Mining Conference Proceedings, 1991. Melbourne: The Australasian Institute
of Mining and Metallurgy. pp. 1-7.
Ackerman, M. W.
1944. The Concept of Soul among the Bukaua and Kai Tribes of New Guinea. M.A.
thesis. Kennedy School of Mission, Hartford Seminary Foundation.
Adam, L.
1947. Some Uncommon Perforated Stone Implements from the Morobe and Mt. Hagen
areas, New Guinea. Mankind. 3 (12): 345-351.
Adams, Karen. et.al.
1985. Dialect survey of Mumeng dialect chain. In; Papers of New Guinea
Linguistics Number. 22 Edited by Adams Karen. Department of Linguistics,
Research School of Pacific Studies. Australian National University. pp.1-27.
Adams, K.
1976. Transfer book from Melanesian Pidgin to Patep. Read. 11 (3):
91-94
Adams, Robert.
1982. City and Village: the Ahi Response. In; Micronationalist Movements in
Papua New Guinea. Edited by R.J. May. Canberra: Department of Political and
Social Change, Research School of Pacific Studies. Australian National
University. pp. 207-245.
Adams, Robert.
1973. A Comparative Study of the Lae and Huon Local Government Councils. M.A.
Thesis. History Department, University of Papua New Guinea.
Adams, Robert.
1983. Lae Open Electorate: Union na Pati-Senis I no Kamap. In Electoral
Politics in Papua New Guinea. Edited by David Hegarty. Port Moresby :
University of Papua New Guinea. pp. 216-227.
Adams, Robert.
1982. The Pitenamu Society. In; Micronationalist Movements in Papua New
Guinea. Edited by R.J. May. Canberra: Department of Political and Social
Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp.
63-112.
Adams, Robert.
1983. The Pitenamu Society. In; Religious Movements in Melanesia (1).
Edited by Wendy Flannery. Goroka: Melanesian Institute of Pastoral and
Socio-Economic Service. pp.130-170.
Adams, Robert.
1978. Rural Change-the Burum Development Association. In;
Decentralisation; the Papua New Guinean Experiment; Waigani Seminar Papers
1978. Edited by Ralph Premdas and Stephen Pokawin. Waigani: University of
Papua New Guinea. pp. 205-208.
Addison, S.
1979. A very special school. New Nation. 3 (10): 8-9.
Afenya, P. M.
1986. Chemical Variation of the Hessen Bay Chromate. In; Chemistry in the
Service of Papua New Guinea. Edited by P. Baldon. Lae: Papua New Guinea
University of Technology. A paper read at the 3rd Papua New Guinea Institute of
Chemistry Congress.
Afenya, P. M.
1987. Extraction of Gold Manganocalcite Ore of Wau. In; Chemistry in the
Pacific. Edited by P.R.H. Speakman. pp.28-40
Agyei, W. K. A.
1984. Family planning in Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea. Journal of the
Biosocial Science. 16 (2): 269-275.
Aharon, Paul.
1982. 13C/12C isotope ratio variations over the last 10 years in New Guinea
coral-reef environment: implications for the fertility shifts of the tropical
ocean. In; The Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Phosphorus in
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystem. Edited by E. Galbally, and J.R. Freney.
pp. 119-132.
Aharon, Paul et.al.
1980. Late Pleistocene climatic change registered by delta 180 and delta 13c in
the giant clam, tridacna gias, of the New Guinea coral reefs. (Photocopied
article held in the New Guinea Collection.
Ahmad, Q. A.
1989. Self-type direct solar dryer with air pre heater. In; Renewable
Energy for Rural Development. Edited by F.Welt. pp. 288-233.
Aitchison, T. G.
1960. The pig and its place in the impact of the New Guinean on vegetation. A
paper delivered at the UNESCO Symposium on the impact of man on humid tropics
vegetation. Goroka: Territory of Papua and New Guinea.: pages 158-167.
Allace, Lewis-Kusso.
1975. Island water transport study: Morobe District, Siassi Islands (Umboi).
Port Moresby: Department of Transport. Island Water Transport Study
1974/1975.
Allace, Lewis-Kusso.
1977. Treid bilong Siassi Ailan. Oral History. 5 (9): 2-15.
Allace, Lewis-Kusso.
1976. Siassi trade. Oral History. 4 (10): 2-22.
Allen, .G.R.
1983. Chilatherina Bulolo: a valid species of rainbowfish (Melabotaenilidae)
from Northern New Guinea. Fishes of Sahul. 1 (2): 13-17.
Allied Forces. South West Pacific area. (1941-1945)
1942. Area study of Finschhafen and the Huon Peninsula [S.L.]: Allied
Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Study ; Number .36)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Area study of the Markham Catchment. [S.L]: Allied Geographical Section
South West Pacific Area. (Terrain study Number.49)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1942. Area Study of Morobe-Waria Valley and Adjacent Catchment Areas. [S.L.]
: Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Study Number.
42)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Coast and Hinterland, Finschhafen to Lae from all available information
to 25th April. [S.L.] : Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area.
(Information Resume Number. 9)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Coastline-Hopoi to Finschhafen [S.I.] Allied Geographical Section South
West Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 13)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Finschhafen, New Guinea. [S.L.]. : Allied Geographical Section South
West Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 5)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Goldfields area - Wau and Bulolo Valley. [S.L.] Allied Geographical
Section South West Pacific Area.
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Inland track information Huon Peninsula. [S.L.] Allied Geographical
Section South West Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 23)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Lae and the lower Markham Valley, New Guinea [S.L.]: Allied Geographical
Section South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 4)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Lae Beach from Markham River to Bumbu River [S.L] : Allied Geographical
Section South West Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 21)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Lae from all available information to 19th January 1943. [S.L.] :
Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Information Resume Number
4. rev.)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1942. Locality study of Lae and the lower Markham Valley. Rev. Edition.
[S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section, South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Study
Number. 32)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Locality study of Ramu-Markham Valley with link to Madang. [S.L]: Allied
Geographical Section, South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Study Number. 66)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1942. Locality study of Salamaua. (revised) [S.L.]: Allied Geographical
Section South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Study Number. 33)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Markham District from all available information to 12th January 1943.
[S.L.] : Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Information
Resume Number. 1 rev.)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945)
1943. Markham River Valley, New Guinea. [S.L.] : Allied Geographical Section,
South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 2)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Morobe from all available information to 27 March 1943. [S.L.]: Allied
Geographical Section South West Pacific Area.
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Road Nadzab to Lae. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section South West
Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 17)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Route Lae- Boana-Kaiapit. [S.L.] : Allied Geographical Section South
West Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 24)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Salamaua, New Guinea. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section, South West
Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 03)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Salamaua area from all available information to 6 April 1943. [S.L.]:
Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Information Resume
Number. 8)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Salamaua from all available information to 19 January 1943. [S.L.]:
Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific Area. (Information Resume
Number. 2. rev.)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Sio, New Guinea. [S.L.] : Allied Geographical Section South West Pacific
Area (Terrain Handbook Number. 13).
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Umboi (Rooke) Island. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section South West
Pacific Area. (Information Resume Number. 2 rev.)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Umboi (Rooke) Island. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section South West
Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 09)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1943. Umboi (Rooke) Island. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical Section South West
Pacific Area. (Special Report Number. 26)
Allied Forces. South West Pacific Area (1941-1945).
1944. Wau and the Goldfields Area. New Guinea. [S.L.]: Allied Geographical
Section, South West Pacific Area. (Terrain Handbook Number. 1)
Amasan, R.
1980. The Masalai's tears. New Nation. 4 (4): page 27.
Ambia, Vitus. et.al.
1979. Plan for erosion control at Km 7.2 on the Highlands Highway.
Klinkii. 1 (3): 2-19.
Amoa, B. et.al.
1996. Physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of traditional rice
varieties from Finschhafen. Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries. 39 (1): 1-7.
Amos, Berg and Maraba, Soni.
1981. Kovai and Adzera Music. Boroko: Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies.
Amtsbaltt, fur das Schutzgebeit Deutsche Neuguinea.
1941. Eine Expedition nach dem Suddezirk 6 (3): 32-34. 1941.
Anderson, C.
1937-40. Fossil marsupials from New Guinea. Records of the Australian
Museum. 20: 73-76.
Anderson, J.
1963. The development of the cattle industry in the Territory of Papua and New
Guinea. Australian Territories. 3(1): 15-28.
Anderson, S.G. and others.
1960. Murray valley encephalitis in Papua and New Guinea. In; Serological
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Andexer H.
1914. Der Untere Lauf des Watut in Deutsche Neuguinea. Zeitschrift de
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1958. Geophagy in Indonesia and Oceania. In; Geoghagical Customs;
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Anere, Ray Lusa.
1987. Defection of Morobe Independent Group and Bernard Vogae to the
Government: An Analysis. Waigani: University of Papua New Guinea. National
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Antonio, W.C.
1986. Rock melons as a cash crop in the Markham Valley. Harvest. 12
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Armytage, J. et.al.
1959. A study of the haemoglobin values and blood groups of some indigenous
natives of the Bulolo River Valley, New Guinea. Oceania. 29 (4):
297-301.
Aruga, John.
1989. Marine woodborers and associated mangrove: macrofauna of the Kui-Buso
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1974. Survey report: Finschhafen Aerodrome. Journal of the Association of
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Asian Development Bank.
1980. Appraisal of the Lae Port project in the independent state of Papua New
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1997. Appraisal of the Highlands road improvement project in Papua New Guinea.
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1984. How tuna fish came to be: a legend from Siassi Islands, Morobe Province.
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1941. Einige Ethnographische Notizen zur Beschneidung in Neuguinea.
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1991. Rapid environmental appraisal of the Ekuti Dividing Range, Morobe
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Australia. Army.
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1943. Battle of Wau. Melbourne: Department of Information for the Department
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Australia. Department of External Territories.
1950. Report of the New Guinea Nutrition Survey Expedition, 1947. Edited by
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