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TUTORIAL: Languages of Central Australia

Linguistics Association of Great Britain, Edinburgh,
7-9 April 1997
  1. 11:30am-12:50pm Tuesday 8 April: Introduction (Simpson), Warlpiri (Laughren)
  2. 7:45pm-8:45pm Tuesday 8 April: Warlmanpa (Nash), Warumungu (Simpson)
  3. 11:30am-12:50pm Wednesday 9 April: Gurindji (McConvell), Wambaya (Nordlinger), Social situation leading to convergent phonologies and grammars (McConvell)
Resources list

Map
Timeline
Genetic relatedness
Correspondence percentages
Sample genealogy
Sound inventory
Sound structure
Case-marking
Free pronouns
Bound pronouns
Verb forms
Resources

Percentage of common vocabulary on 166 basic word list



Abbreviations
 WWlp Western Warlpiri
EWLp Eastern Warlpiri (Wakirti Warlpiri)
Wpa Warlmanpa
Gur Gurindji
Wru Warumungu
Wmb Wambaya

EWlp Wpa Gur Wru Wmb


WWlp

90 53 29 21 8

EWlp

65 27 26 8

Wpa

27 24 6

Gur

14 11

Wru

5
Figures for Western Warlpiri are higher because of the large supply of synonyms available.
Figures for Eastern Warlpiri are skewed by absence of about 30 words on list
Sounds and spelling of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya

VOWELS

i, ii u, uu
a, aa


CONSONANTS

Place
========
Manner
bilabial
apico-alveolar
apico-post-alveolar
Lamino-dentals are sometimes used instead of these.
lamino-palatal
dorso-velar
stop

p

[p~b]

t

[t ~d]

rt

[t5 ~d5]

j

[c~t8~ ~d8]

k

[k~g]



nasal

m


n


rn

ny

[ ~n8]

ng



lateral

l


rl

ly

[ ~ l8]



flap/ trill

rr

[\~r]

semi-vowel

w

r

[ ]

y

Differences

Warumungu has, phonetically,three series of stops, long and short voiceless, short voiced.
Warlmanpa has a few long voiceless stops.

Western Warlpiri has a retroflex flap

rd

as well as an apical trill

rr.


Orthographic convention

Wambaya

b/d/g (nk)

Other languages

p/t/k




Sound structure of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya


Minimal word:
two syllables:
Wlp
Wpa




Monosyllable functors and preverbs

Gur
Wru
Wmb








Initial
no /a/-initial:
Wlp
Wpa Gur




starts in consonant or vowel /a/:


Wru
Wmb








Final
ends in vowel:
Wlp
Wpa

Wmb


ends in vowel or sonorant:


Wru



ends in any C

Gur





Syllable-final
ends in vowel or sonorant
Wlp





ends in V, Son, Stop

Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb





Syllable-initial
neutralise apical distinction
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb


all consonants bar: flap, palatal l
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru



all consonants bar: rhotics and palatal l



Wmb








Intra-morphemic cluster restrict
lateral-nasal clusters disallowed
Wlp


Wmb


nasal cluster dissimilation
East Wlp (rstr)

Wpa
(rstr)
Gur
Wru (rstr)


Stress
primary on initial syllable
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb


initial syllable of 2 syllable morpheme
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb



Case forms of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya


Pama-Nyungan
non-Pama-Nyungan

Ngumbin-Yapa




Gloss
Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya

Ergative
-rlu ~
-rli
(3+morae)
-rlu (triggers regressive assimilation) (3+morae)
-lu ~
-rlu
 (3+morae)
-jju ~ -jji ~ -jja ~
-ntti ~
-nttu
(3+syl)
-ni ~
-nu ~
-ji ~
-yi ~


-ngku~
-ngki
(2 morae)

-ngu
(2 morae)
-ngku
 (2 morae)
-ngkV
(2 morae)


Locative
-rla (3+morae)
-rla
(3+morae)
-la ~
-rla
 (3+morae)
=Ergative intrans.V =Allative
 trans.V
=Ergative


-ngka
(2 morae)
-nga
(2 morae)

-ngka
 (2 morae)



Dative
-ku ~
-ki

-ku
-ku ~-wu
(nouns)
-(ngu)ny
(pronoun)

-kV
-nka ~ -ja ~
-janka


Allative
-kurra~
-kirra

-ka
-jirri ~
-yirri ~
-ngkurra

-kVna
-nmanji
Ablative
-ngurlu
-ngirli

-ngurlu
-ngurlu
-ngara

-nnga ~
-ngani


Possess-ive
-ku/ki+
rlangu

-kurla
=Dative
-kari
-nVgarna
-nVganka

Having
-kurlu
-kirli
-parnta

-parna
-jarung~
-yawung

-jangu
-nguj-

Without
-wangu
-wangu
-jila

-mulung
-kVpurtu
-baj- ~
-waj- ~
-aj- ~
-yaj- ~


Denizen of
 -ngawurrpa
 -wardingki
-nganarra
-wartingi
-ngarna
-warinyi
-inji ~
-inya ~
-inja




Free pronouns of Eastern Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya


Gloss
E.Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya


 Subject pronouns inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case

1 sg SBJ
 ngaju(lu)


arni
1 sg OBJ
 ngaju
ngayu
ngayu
ajju
ngawu-(rniji)


2 sg SBJ
 nyuntu(lu)


angi
2 sg OBJ
 nyuntu
nyuntu
nyuntu
angku
nyami-(rniji)


3 sg SBJ
 nyanungu


(ama)


3 sg OBJ
 nyanungu

nyantu

1 duin S
 ngali

= 1sg

ngali
ayil
mirndi-yani

1 duin O
 ngali


ayingkki
mirnda
1 duex S
 ngajarra

= 1sg

ngayirra
ajjil
ngurlu-wani

1 duex O
 ngajarra


ajikki
ngurla
2 du S
 nyumpala

= 2sg

nyunpula
amppul
gurlu-wani

2 du O
 nyumpala


ampukku
gurla


3 du S
 nyanungu-jarra


nyanpula
awul
wurlu-wani

3 du O
 nyanungu-jarra



apulu
wurla

1 plin S
 ngalipa

= 1sg

ngaliwa
anyul
ngurru-wani

1 plin O
 ngalipa


anyungkku
ngurra
1 plex S
 nganimpa

= 1sg

ngantipa
ankkul
ngirri-yani

1 plex O
 nganimpa


ankku
ngirra
2 pl S
 nyurrarla

= 2sg

nyurrurlu
arrkkul
girri-yani

2 pl O
 nyurrarla


arrkku
girra


3 pl S
 nyanungu-patu


nyarrurlu
ajjul
irri-yani

3 pl O
 nyanungu-patu


ajurnu
irra



Bound pronouns of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa Warumungu, Wambaya, Gurindji

Pama-Nyungan
non-Pama-Nyungan

Ngumbin-Yapa
(enclitic: 2nd position)
Warumungu
Wambaya

Gloss
Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji (also on V)
1st/2nd position
proclitics:2nd position

1 sg SBJ
 -rna
-rna
-rna
arni
ngi-
1 sg OBJ
 -ju
-ju
-yi
ajju
-ng-

2 sg SBJ
 -n(pa)
-n(ku)
-n
angi
nyi-
2 sg OBJ
 -ngku
-ngu
-ngku
angku
-ny-

3 sg SBJ


(ama)
gi-;gini-ngiyi- (ERG)

3 sg OBJ





1 duin S
 -rli
-li
-rli
ayil
mirndi-

1 duin O
 -ngali-(ngki)
-ngali
-ngali
(ny)
ayingkki
-ng-
1 duex S
 -rli-jarra
-ja
-ja
ajjil
ngurlu-

1 duex O
 -jarrangku
-jangu
-ngayirra (ny)
ajikki
-ng-
2 du S
 -n-(pa)-pala
-npala
-npula
amppul
gurlu-

2 du O
 -ngkupala
-ngupala
-ngkuwula
ampukku
-ny-

3 du S
 -pala
-pala
-pula~
-wula
awul
wurlu-

3 du O
 -palangu
-palangu
-puliny~
-wuliny

apulu


1 plin S
 -rlipa
-lpa(-lu)
-rlaa
anyul
ngurru-

1 plin O
 -ngalpa
-lpangu
-ngala
anyungkku
-ng-
1 plex S
 -rna-lu
-rna-lu
-rna-lu
ankkul
ngirri-

1 plex O
 -nganpa
-nganpa
-ngantipa
ankku
-ng-
2 pl S
 -nku-lu
-nku-lu
-nta
arrkkul
girri-

2 pl O
 -nyarra
-nyangu
-nyurra~
-nyjurra
arrkku
-ny-

3 pl S
 -lu
-lu
-lu
ajjul
irri-

3 pl O
 -jana
-jana
-jina~
-yina
ajurnu




Verb forms of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa Warumungu, Wambaya, Gurindji


Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya

No.verb roots
178 ??
44
31
70
?open
No. conjugations
 C1,C2 big
C3-5 small
5
6
C1-3 medium
C4 big
2 (phonological conditioning)

Present/non-past





burn (intr.)
jankami
(C1)
jinnya
(C1)
jiyarnana
(C1)
yungkan
(C1)
najbi (C0)
burn (tr.)
kampami
(C1)
kupannya
(C2)
kampa-rnana
(C1)
kupunta
(C2)
wugbardi (CJ), najbi
hit/ spear
pakarni
(C2)
pakannya
(C2)
panana
(C2)
pakanta (C2)
daguma (CJ)
get/ transit-iviser
mani
(C5)
mannya (C5)
manana
(C2)
-munta (C4)
yanybi (C0)

hit/bite
pinyi (C3)
pungunya (C3)
pungana (C3)
punjjan (C3)
dawu (CJ)

see
nyanyi (C3)
nyanganya (C3)
nyangana (C3)
nyanjjan (C3)
ngajbi (C0)


Past
jankaja
jinangu
jiyarni
yungkunyu
= Present


kampaja
kuparnu
kamparni
kupunyu



pakarnu
pakarnu
pani
pakinyi



manu
manu
mani
-munyu



pungu
pungu
punya
punyu



nyangu
nyangu
nyanya
nyanyi



Future
= Non-past
jina(mi)
jiyawu
yungku
najba



kupan(mi)
kampawu
kuppul
wugbarda, wugbardi-jba,
najba


pakan(mi)
parru
pakkil
dagumajba


manmi
malu
-murru
yanyba



pinyi
pungku
puyu
dawujba


nyanyi
nyangku
nyayi
ngajba


Participle base
jankanja-
jinja-
jiyarnu-
yungkuju-
naj-i-

(case suffixes
kampanja-
kupanja-
kamparnu-
kupunju-
wugbardi-ji-

added for purposive,
pakarninja-
pakanja-
panu-
pakinji-
daguma-ji-

switch reference
maninja-
manja-
manu-
-munju-
-----

etc.)
 pinja-
pinyja-
pungu-
punju-
dawu-ji-


 nyanja-
nyanyja-
nyangu-
nyanji-
ngaj-i-


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© 1997 David Nash