ANU - Research School of Biology

Professor Stefan Bröer - Head of Department
Diploma (Tubingen), PhD (Dusseldorf)

Study of Biochemistry at the University of Tübingen (Germany) from 1981-1987. Honours thesis 1987-1988. PhD awarded in 1991 from the University of Düsseldorf. Fellow of the German Research Council (DFG) at the University of Illinois in Chicago from 1991 to 1992. Junior lecturer at the University of Tübingen 1992-1998 in the School of Biochemistry, Senior lecturer 1998-2000 in the Department of Physiology. Senior lecturer at ANU 2000-2005. Associate Professor 2005-2006.

Contact Details

E: Stefan.Broeer@anu.edu.au
T: (+61 2) 6125 2540
F: (+61 2) 6125 0313

Main Research interests

Amino acid transport.

Physiology of brain astrocytes.

Teaching Activities

BIOL2171: Biochemistry and Nutrition (Convenor)
BIOL2174: Cellular Physiology in Health and Disease

Current Research Group

Angelika Bröer - Research Officer
Sonja Kowalczuk - PhD student
Nadine Tietze - PhD student
Sarojini Balkrishna - PhD student
Stephanie Cheung - Lab Technician
Holger Becker – Visiting Fellow
Thuvaraka Thavyogarajah – Exchange student
Stephen Fairweather- Honours Student
Emrah Tumer Phd student

Research Activities

Epithelial amino acid transport

To serve as nutrients amino acids must be absorbed in the intestine. Similarly, amino acids are reabsorbed in the kidney to avoid wasting of these valuable nutrients. Transport of amino acids across the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the kidney and intestine is carried out by specific amino acid transporters. We have recently identified a new subfamily of amino acid transporters that is responsible for the uptake of neutral amino acids in these tissues.These transporters belong to the solute carrier family 6 (SLC6) of the human genome. Mutations in transportersof this family are associated with Hartnup disorder and may be involved in Iminoglycinuria. We are studying the association of transporters with diseases and their physiological role in the kidney and intestine.

Figure 1: Overview of apical and basolateral amino acid transport systems in epithelial cells. Disorders associated with mutations of apical transporters are indicated. The mechanism of each transporter, if known, is depicted.

Structure and function of amino acid transporters

Na + -dependent amino acid transporters of the SLC6 family are involved in the uptake of neurotransmitters in the brain and in amino acid resorption in epithelial cells. Recently, a bacterial homologue of these transporters has been crystallized and its high-resolution structure reported. This allows us to predict the structure of the mammalian transporters and to analyse residues critical for the catalytic function. To characterize these transporters we express them in Xenopus laevis oocytes and analyse their function by biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Structure/function relationships are investigated by using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with functional analysis.

Figure 2: Three dimensional structure of the bacterial homologue of the SLC6 family (Leu Taa from Aquifex aeolicus). Secondary structures are indicated by ribbons. Helix 1 (green) and helix 6 (blue) form the translocation pathway. All other helices are colored in magenta. Na + ions are depicted as purple spheres, a chloride ion bound to the transporter is shown in yellow. The cartoon was created with Pymol software.

Neurotransmitter recycling in the brain

Two different cell types, astrocytes and neurons, cooperate in the brain to recycle the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. After being released at the synapse, glutamate is initially taken up by astrocytes and amidated to glutamine, a non-neuroexcitatory amino acid. Glutamine is then transferred back to neurons for reconversion to glutamate. We are investigating the transfer of glutamine between astrocytes and neurons, its regulation and the functional consequences for neurotransmission. We study astroglial and neuronal glutamine transporters following expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons.

Figure 3: Overview of the glutamatergic synapse. Glutamate (blue circles) is released from the synapse when an action potential arrives at the synapse. Glutamate binds to postsynaptic receptors and is subsequently removed from the synaptic cleft, largely by astroglial transporters. Astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine (yellow circles) and release it into the extracellular space. Glutamine is taken up by neurons, converted into glutamate and used to refill synaptic vesicles.

Publications

For a complete publication list please go to: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1286-2008

2009

Martin, R.E., Marchetti, R.V., Cowan, A.I., Howitt, S.M., Bröer, S. and Kirk, K. (2009) Chloroquine transport via the malaria parasite’s ‘Chloroquine Resistance Transporter’. Science, 325, 1680-1682 [PubMed]

Broer, S. (2009) Dicarboxylic Aminoaciduria. In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (Lang, F., ed.). pp. 530-532, Springer, Heidelberg

Broer, S. (2009) Iminoglycinuria. In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Diasease (Lang, F., ed.). pp. 1033-1034, Springer, Heidelberg

Angelika Broer, Sarojini Balrishna, Gabor Kottra, Sarah Davis, Aaron Oakley, & Stefan Broer (2009) Sodium translocation by the iminoglycinuria associated imino transporter (SLC6A20) Molecular Membrane Biology, July-October 2009; 26: 333-346

Stefan Broer, Hans-Peter Schneider, Angelika Broer, and Joachim W. Deitmer (2009)
Mutation of asparagine 76 in the center of glutamine transporter SNAT3 modulates substrate-induced conductances and Na+-binding J. Biol. Chem. 284: 25823-25831

Stefan Broer. The Role of the Neutral Amino acid Transporter B0AT1. 2009 (SLC6A19)
in Hartnup Disorder and Protein Nutrition. IUBMB Life, 61: 591–599

Kirk K, Howitt SM, Bröer S, Saliba KJ, Downie MJ. Purine uptake in Plasmodium:
transport versus metabolism. Trends Parasitol.24: 246-249

Rae C, Nasrallah FA, Bröer S. Metabolic Effects of Blocking Lactate Transport
in Brain Cortical Tissue Slices Using an Inhibitor Specific to MCT1 and MCT2.
Neurochem Res. 34: 1783-1791

2008

Kowalczuk S, Broer A, Tietze N, Vanslambbrouck J, Rasko JEJ, Broer S. 2008. A protein complex in the brush-border membrane explains a Hartnup disorder allele. FASEB 22: 2880-2887

Anas M-KI, Lee MB, Zhou C, Hammer M-A, Slow S, Karmouch J, Liu XJ, Broer S, Lever
M, and Baltz JM. 2008. SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse
eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage. Development 135: 4123-30

Azmanov DN, Kowalczuk S, Rodgers H, Auray-Blais C, Giguere R, Rasko JE, Broer S,
and Cavanaugh JA. 2008. Further evidence for allelic heterogeneity in Hartnup disorder.
Hum Mutat 29: 1217-21

Broer S, Bailey CG, Kowalczuk S, Ng C, Vanslambrouck JM, Rodgers H, Auray-Blais C,
Cavanaugh JA, Broer A, and Rasko JE. 2008. Iminoglycinuria and hyperglycinuria are
discrete human phenotypes resulting from complex mutations in proline and glycine
transporters. J Clin Invest118: 3881-3892

Broer S. 2008. Amino Acid transport across Mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiol Rev 88: 249-86

Broer S. 2008. Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: Physiology & Pathophysiology. Physiology (Bethesda) 23(2): 95-103

Downie MJ, Saliba KJ, Broer S, Howitt SM, and Kirk K. 2008. Purine nucleobase transport in the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite. Int J Parasitol 38: 203-9

2007

Broer S, Broer A, Hansen JT, Bubb WA, Balcar VJ, Nasrallah FA, Garner B, and Rae C. 2007. Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain. J Neurochem 102: 1758–70

Sharma S, Dimasi D, Broer S, Kumar R, and Della NG. 2007. Heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) expression and functional analysis in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Cell Res 313: 1251-9

Dimitar N. Azmanov, Helen Rodgers, Christiane Auray-Blais, Robert Giguère, Charles Bailey, Stefan Bröer, John E.J.Rasko, Juleen A. Cavanaugh. (2007) Persistence of the common Hartnup disease D173N allele in populations of European origin. Annals of Human Genetics. 71, 1-11

Broer S. (2007) Lysinuric protein intolerance: one gene - many problems. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 29, 540-C541

Stefan Broer, Angelika Broer, Jonas T.Hansen, William A.Bubb, Vladimir J. Balcar, Fatima A. Nasrallah, Brett Garner & Caroline Rae (2007) Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain. Journal of Neurochemistry. 102 (6): 1758-1770 [PubMed]

Lee, A., Rayfield, A., Hryciw, D.H., Ma, T.A., Wang, D., Pow, D., Broer, S., Yen, C., and Poronnick, P. (2007) Na+H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 is a PDZ scaffold for the astroglial glutmate transporter Glast. Glia 55: 119-129

Schneider,H.P., Broer, S., Broer,A., and Deitmer, J.W. (2007) Heterologous expression of the glutamine transporter SNAT3 in Xenopus Oocytes is associated with four modes of uncoupled transport. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (6): 3788-3798

2006

Saliba, K.J.¹, Martin, R.E.¹, Bröer, A., Henry, R.I., McCarthy, C.S., Downie, M.J., Allen, R.J.W., Mullin, K.A., McFadden, G.I., Bröer, S.² and Kirk, K.² (2006) Sodium-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate by the intracellular malaria parasite. Nature 443, 582-585. [1,2: Equal contributions] [PubMed]

Broer, S. (2006) The SLC6 orphans are forming a family of amino acid transporters. Neurochemistry International, March 2006, 48, 559-567.

Chubb, S., Kingsland, A.L., Broer, A., and Broer, S.(2006) Mutation of the 4F2 heavy-chain carboxy terminus causes y+LAT2 light-chain dysfunction. Molecular Membrane Biology, May-June 2006, 23 (3) 255-267.

Downie, M.J., Saliba, K.J., Howitt, S.M., Bröer, S. and Kirk, K. (2006) Transport of nucleosides across the Plasmodium falciparum parasite plasma membrane has characteristics of PfENT1. Molec. Microbiol, 60(3), 738-748.

Broer, A., Tietze, N., Kowalczuk, S., Chubb, S., Munzinger, M., Bak, L. K. and Broer, S. (2005) The orphan transporter v7-3 (SLC6A15) is a Na +-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (B 0AT2). Biochem J. 2006 Jan 1;393 (Pt 1) :421-30.

Broer, A., Cavanaugh, J. A., Rasko, J. E. and Broer, S. (2005) The molecular basis of neutral aminoacidurias. Pflugers Arch. 2006 Jan ;451 (4) : 511-7.

2005

Broer S. Lactate transportation is required for lymphocyte activation. Nat Chem Biol. 2005 Dec ;1 (7):356-7.

Bauer, D., Hamacher, K., Broer, S., Pauleit, D., Palm, C., Zilles, K., Coenen, H. H. and Langen, K. J. (2005) Preferred stereoselective brain uptake of d-serine - a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Nucl Med Biol 32 , 793-797

Kirk, K., Martin, R. E., Broer, S., Howitt, S. M. and Saliba, K. J. (2005) Plasmodium permeomics: membrane transport proteins in the malaria parasite. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 295 , 325-356

Langen, K. J., Hamacher, K., Bauer, D., Broer, S., Pauleit, D., Herzog, H., Floeth, F., Zilles, K. and Coenen, H. H. (2005) Preferred stereoselective transport of the D-isomer of cis-4-[18F]fluoro-proline at the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 , 607-616

Bohmer, C., Broer, A., Munzinger, M., Kowalczuk, S., Rasko, J. E., Lang, F. and Broer, S. (2005) Characterization of mouse amino acid transporter B0AT1 (slc6a19). Biochem J 389 , 745-751

Kowalczuk, S., Broer, A., Munzinger, M., Tietze, N., Klingel, K. and Broer, S. (2005) Molecular cloning of the mouse IMINO system: an Na+- and Cl--dependent proline transporter. Biochem J 386 , 417-422

Pauleit, D., Stoffels, G., Schaden, W., Hamacher, K., Bauer, D., Tellmann, L., Herzog, H., Broer, S., Coenen, H. H. and Langen, K. J. (2005) PET with O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine in Peripheral Tumors: First Clinical Results. J Nucl Med 46 , 411-416

Broer, S., Cavanaugh, J. A. and Rasko, J. E. (2005) Neutral amino acid transport in epithelial cells and its malfunction in Hartnup disorder. Biochem Soc Trans 33 , 233-236

Broer, S. (2005) Molecular mechanisms of glutamate and glutamine transport in astrocytes. In The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity (Aschner, M. and Costa, L., eds.), pp. 93-109, CRC Press, Boca Raton

2004

Becker, H.M., Bröer, S. and Deitmer, J.W. (2004) Facilitated lactate transport by MCT1 when coexpressed with the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) in Xenopus Oocytes. Biophys. J. 86 (1): 235-47.

Berezowski, V., Miecz, D., Bröer, A., Bröer, S. , Cecchelli, R. and A Nalecz, K. (2004) Involvement of OCTN2 and BO, + in the transport of carnitine through an in vitro meodel of the blook-brain barrier. J. Neurochem, 91 (4): 860-72.

Bohmer, C., Philippin, M., Rajamanickam. J., Mack, A., Bröer, S., Palmada, M. and Lang, F. (2004) Stimulation of the EAAT4 glutamate transporter by SGK protein kinase isoforms and PKB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 26: 324 (4), pp 1242-8.

Bröer, S. and Wagner, C.A. (2004) Membrane transporter diseases. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 382 p.

Bröer, A., Klingel, K., Kowalczuk, S., Rasko, J.E., Cavanaugh, J. and Broer, S. (2004) Molecular cloning of mouse amino acid transport system B0, a neutral amino acid transporter related to Hartnup disorder. J Biol Chem . 279 (23): 24467-24476.

Bröer, A., Deitmer, J.W. and Broer, S. (2004). Astroglial glutamine transport by system N is upregulated by glutamate. Glia , 48 (4): 298-310.

Bröer, S. 2004. SLC38 family of transporters for neutral amino acids: system A and N. In: Reith MEA, editor. Neural Membranes and Transport. New York: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

Langen, K.J. and Bröer, S. (2004) Molecular transport mechanisms of radiolabelled amino acids for PET and SPECT. J. Nucl. Med., 45 (9): 1435-6.

Pineda, M., Wagner, C.A., Broer, A., Stehberger, P.A., Kaltenbach, S., Gelpi, J.L., Martin Del Rio, R., Zorzano, A., Palacin, M., Lang, F. and Bröer, S. (2004) Cystinuria-specific rBAT(R365W) mutation reveals two translocation pathways in the amino acid transporter rBAT-b0,+AT. Biochem J., 377 (Pt 3): 665-74.

Schniepp, R., Kohler, K., Ladewig, T., Guenther, E., Henke, G., Palmada, M., Boehmer, C., Rothstein, J.D., Bröer, S. and Lang, F. (2004) Retinal colocalization and in vitro interaction of the glutamate receptor EAAT3 and the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci . 45 (5): 1442-9.

Seow, H. F., Broer, S., Broer, A., Bailey, C. G., Potter, S. J., Cavanaugh, J. A. and Rasko, J. E. (2004). Hartnup disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19. Nature Genetics, 36 (9): 1003-7. Online

2003

Boehmer, C., Henke, G., Schniepp, R., Palmada, M., Rothstein, J.D., Bröer, S. and Lang, F. (2003) Regulation of the glutamate transporter EAAT1 by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 and the serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoforms SGK1/3 and protein kinase B. J Neurochem, 86 (5):1181-8.

Boehmer, C., Okur, F., Setiawan, I., Bröer, S. and Lang, F. (2003) Properties and regulation of glutamine transporter SN1 by protein kinases SGK and PKB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 306 (1) :156-62.

Bröer, S. (2003) Xenopus laevis Oocytes. Methods Mol Biol, 227: 245-58.

Deitmer, J.W., Bröer, A. and Bröer, S. (2003) Glutamine efflux from astrocytes is mediated by multiple pathways. J Neurochem 87 (1):127-35.

Friedrich, B., Feng, Y., Cohen, P., Risler, T., Vandewalle, A., Bröer, S., Wang, J., Pearce, D. and Lang, F. (2003) The serine/threonine kinases SGK2 and SGK3 are potent stimulators of the epithelial Na(+) channel alpha,beta,gamma-ENaC. Pflugers Arch, 445 (6) :693-6.

Galic, S., Schneider, H.P., Broer, A., Deitmer, J.W. and Broer, S. (2003). The loop between helix 4 and helix 5 in the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is important for substrate selection and protein stability. Biochem J., 376 (Pt 2): 413-22.

Heckel, T., Broer, A., Wiesinger, H., Lang, F. and Broer, S. (2003). Asymmetry of glutamine transporters in cultured neural cells. Neurochem Int., 43 (4-5): 289-98.

Lang, K.S., Mueller, M.M., Tanneur, V., Wallisch, S., Fedorenko, O., Palmada, M., Lang, F., Broer, S., Heilig, C.W., Schleicher, E. and Weigert, C. (2003) Regulation of cytosolic pH and lactic acid release in mesangial cells overexpressing GLUT1. Kidney Int., 64 (4): 1338-1347.

Langen, K.J., Jarosch, M., Muhlensiepen, H., Hamacher, K., Broer, S., Jansen, P., Zilles, K. and Coenen, H.H. (2003). Comparison of fluorotyrosines and methionine uptake in F98 rat gliomas. Nucl. Med. Biol., 30 (5): 501-8.

Rae, C., Hare, N., Bubb, W.A., McEwan, S.R., Broer, A., McQuillan, J.A., Balcar, V.J., Conigrave, A.D. and Broer, S. (2003) Inhibition of glutamine transport depletes glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter pools: further evidence for metabolic compartmentation. J. Neurochem . 85 (2): 503-514.

2002

Bröer, A., Albers, A., Setiawan, I., Edwards, R.H., Chaudhry, F.A., Lang, F., Wagner, C.A. and Bröer, S. (2002) Regulation of the glutamine transporter SN1 by extracellular pH and intracellular sodium ions. J Physiol 539 , 3-14.

Bröer, S. (2002) Adaptation of plasma membrane amino acid transport mechanisms to physiological demands. Pflughers Arch. 444, 457-466.

Broer, S. and Wagner, C.A. (2002) Structure-function relationships of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cell Biochem, Biophys., 36 (2-3): 155-68.

Fillon, S., Klingel, K., Warntges, S., Sauter, M., Gabrysch, S., Pestel, S., Tanneur, V., Waldegger, S., Zipfel, A., Viebahn, R., Haussinger, D., Broer, S., Kandolf, R. and Lang, F. (2002) Expression of the Serine/Threonine Kinase hSGK1 in Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Cell Physiol. Biochem., 12 (1): 47-54.

Langen, K.J., Muhlensiepen, H., Schmieder, S., Hamacher, K., Broer, S., Borner, A.R., Schneeweiss, F.H. and Coenen, H.H. (2002) Transport of cis and trans-4-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-proline in F98 glioma cells. Nucl. Med. Biol., 29 (6): 685-92.

Moschen, I., Setiawan, I., Palacin, M., Broer, S., Albers, A. and Lang, F. (2002) Influence of rBAT-mediated amino acid transport on cytosolic pH. Nephron. , 91 (4): 631-6.

Warntges, S., Friedrich, B., Henke, G., Duranton, C., Lang, P.A., Waldegger, S., Meyermann, R., Kuhl, D., Speckmann, E.J., Obermuller, N., Witzgall, R., Mack, A.F.,Wagner, H.J., Wagner, A., Broer, S. and Lang, F. (2002) Cerebral localization and regulation of the cell volume-sensitive serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase SGK1. Pflugers Arch., 443 (4): 617-24.

2001

Albers, A., Broer, A., Wagner, C.A., Setiawan, I., Lang, P.A., Kranz, E.U., Lang, F. and Broer, S. (2001) Na + transport by the neural glutamine transporter ATA1. Pflugers Arch. 443 (1): 92-101.

Broer, A., Friedrich, B., Wagner, C.A., Fillon, S., Ganapathy, V., Lang, F. and Broer, S. (2001) Association of 4F2hc with light chains LAT1, LAT2 or y+LAT2 requires different domains. Biochem. J., 355 (Pt 3): 725-31.

Broer, S. and Brookes, N. (2001) Transfer of glutamine between astrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem., 77 (3): 705-19.

Fillon, S., Warntges, S., Matskevitch, J., Moschen, I., Setiawan, I., Gamper, N., Feng, Y.X., Stegen, C., Friedrich, B., Waldegger, S., Broer, S., Wagner, C.A., Huber, S.M., Klingel, K., Vereninov, A. and Lang, F. (2001) Serum- and glucocorticoid-dependent kinase, cell volume, and the regulation of epithelial transport. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 130 (3): 367-376.

Langen, K.J., Bonnie, R., Muhlensiepen, H., Jansen, P., Broer, S., Holschbach, M. and Coenen, H.H. (2001) 3-[123I]iodo-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine transport and 4F2 antigen expression in human glioma cells. Nucl. Med. Biol., 28 (1): 5-11.

Moschen, I., Setiawan, I., Broer, S., Murer, H. and Lang, F. (2001) Effect of NaPi-mediated phosphate transport on intracellular pH. Pflugers Arch. 441 (6): 802-6.

Wagner, C.A., Lang, F. and Bröer, S. (2001) Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281, C1077-1093.

Wagner, C.A., Ott, M., Klingel, K., Beck, S., Melzig, J., Friedrich, B., Wild, K.N., Broer, S., Moschen, I., Albers, A., Waldegger, S., Tummler, B., Egan, M.E., Geibel, J.P., Kandolf, R. and Lang, F. (2001) Effects of the serine/threonine kinase SGK1 on the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and CFTR: implications for cystic fibrosis. Cell Physiol. Biochem., 11 (4): 209-18.

2000

Broer, A., Wagner ,C., Lang, F., Broer, S.. (2000). Neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 displays substrate-induced Na+ exchange and a substrate-gated anion conductance. Biochem. J., 346, Pt 3: 705-10.

Broer, A., Wagner, C.A., Lang, F., Broer, S. (2000). The heterodimeric amino acid transporter 4F2hc/y+LAT2 mediates arginine efflux in exchange with glutamine. Biochem. J., 349, Pt 3: 787-95.

Dimmer, K.S., Friedrich, B., Lang, F., Deitmer, J.W., Broer, S. (2000). The low-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 is adapted to the export of lactate in highly glycolytic cells. Biochem. J., 350 (Pt 1): 219-227.

Lang, F., Klingel, K., Wagner, C.A., Stegen, C., Warntges, S., Friedrich, B., Lanzendorfer, M., Melzig, J., Moschen, I., Steuer, S., Waldegger, S., Sauter, M., Paulmichl, M., Gerke, V., Risler, T., Gamba, G., Capasso, G., Kandolf, R., Hebert, S.C., Massry, S.G., Broer, S. (2000) Deranged transcriptional regulation of cell-volume-sensitive kinase hSGK in diabetic nephropathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 97 (14): 8157-62.

Leibfritz, D., Pfeuffer, J., Flogel, U., Meier, C., Broer, S. (2000). Cell volume and water exchange in neural cells monitored by diffusion weighted 1H NMR spectroscopy. Prog. Brain Res., 125 (1): 255-63.

Matskevitch, I., Stegen, C., Wagner, C.A., Moschen, I., Bindels, R., Van Os, C., Broer, S., Lang, F. (2000). Acute regulation of the betaine/GABA transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes by extracellular pH. Kidney Blood Press. Res., 23 (6): 356-9.

Pfeiffer-Guglielmi, B., Broer, S., Broer, A., Hamprecht, B. (2000). Isozyme pattern of glycogen phosphorylase in the rat nervous system and rat astroglia-rich primary cultures: electrophoretic and polymerase chain reaction studies. Neurochem. Res., 25 (11): 1485-91.

Stegen, C., Matskevich, I., Wagner, C.A., Paulmichl, M., Lang, F., Broer, S. (2000). Swelling-induced taurine release without chloride channel activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing anion channels and transporters. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1467 (1): 91-100.

Wagner, C.A., Broer, A., Albers, A., Gamper, N., Lang, F., Broer, S (2000). The heterodimeric amino acid transporter 4F2hc/LAT1 is associated in Xenopus oocytes with a non-selective cation channel that is regulated by the serine/threonine kinase sgk-1. J. Physiol., 526, Pt 1: 35-46.

Wagner, C.A., Friedrich, B., Setiawan, I., Lang, F., Broer, S. (2000). The use of Xenopus laevis oocytes for the functional characterization of heterologously expressed membrane proteins. Cell Physiol. Biochem., 10 (1-2): 1-12.

Wagner, C.A., Lukewille, U., Kaltenbach, S., Moschen, I., Broer, A., Risler, T., Broer, S., Lang, F. (2000). Functional and pharmacological characterization of human Na(+)-carnitine cotransporter hOCTN2. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 279 (3): F584-91.

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