College of Arts and Social Sciences, School of Art

REFERENCING GUIDELINES

Why reference?

When writing for academic purposes you must acknowledge your sources of information. If you are using a direct quotation, closely summarising or paraphrasing, or using any material based on someone else's work, you must acknowledge it. Failure to do so may result in the accusation that you have plagiarized another's work.

The relevant ANU policy is set out at:

http://academichonesty.anu.edu.au/

and further information can be found on the Academic Skills and Learning Centre website:-

http://academicskills.anu.edu.au/online_materials/academic_honesty/academic_honesty.php

Citing your references consistently and accurately enables readers to track your sources of information, both to validate them (eg for assessment purposes), and for their own interest or academic purposes. Good citation practice can only enhance your results. On the other hand, a collage of quotations without analytical and critical input of your own will reduce the value of your scholarly research.

Broadly, there are two commonly used referencing systems:

1) the ‘notes' system. Notes involve the use of superscript Arabic numerals within the text which refer the reader to a source listed either at the bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of a section or the end of the paper (endnotes). All sources are then listed at the end of the document in a ‘Bibliography'

2) the author-date system, also referred to as an ‘in-text citation' or ‘parenthetical reference' system. The most common of these is the style known as Harvard. The bibliography in the Harvard style is called a Reference List.

School of Art referencing style

The referencing system recommended for Honours and Graduate students in the School of Art is a footnoting ('notes') system in the style known as 'Chicago'. We have chosen the ‘note' system with the Chicago style for a number of reasons:

•  Footnotes/endnotes are less disruptive to the text than in-text citations

•  they are commonly used in Arts and Humanities academic writing

•  they allow for discussion or argument to be briefly amplified or qualified in the footnote/endnote

•  the Chicago style is supported by EndNote

•  guides are available both online and in print at ANU

Footnotes or endnotes?

Either footnotes (at the bottom of a page) or endnotes (at the end of a section or the document) can be used.

When you go to ‘Insert –Footnote' in a Word document, you are offered the choice of inserting either a footnote or an endnote. Both are acceptable within the School of Art Guidelines, though footnotes are more suitable for shorter works such as reports, essays and articles, while endnotes are more commonly used for longer works such as books and theses. For this reason, Honours students are encouraged to use footnotes.

Bibliography

At the end of your report or thesis you are required to provide a bibliography – a list of all references included in footnotes (or endnotes). You can either list all sources in a single list alphabetically ordered by family name, or list them in separate categories by format eg books, articles, artworks, websites etc (also ordered alphabetically by author's family name).

EndNote is a bibliographic management software program available for both Mac and PC. It is on all Information Commons computers at ANU, and a copy can be obtained from either the School of Art Library or the Honours Co-ordinator to load onto your home computer. EndNote enables you to organise your references, insert them as citations into a Word document and create a bibliography or list of references at the end of the document.

When using EndNote to format your footnotes and bibliography, choose 'Chicago 14 th A' Bibliography' from the EndNote menu of Output Styles. When you insert references from EndNote into your document, make sure you check the detail after they have been inserted to make sure that all of the bibliographic data has been transferred accurately.

Training in the use of EndNote is held regularly in the Infoplace lab opposite the library. Notices of training sessions are routinely posted, or contact Georgina.Buckley@anu.edu.au for details of dates and times.

If you choose to add references and bibliography manually, you can use the sample document on the following page as a guide. This sample document shows the format of citations in footnotes for a range of information sources such as books, articles and websites. It also illustrates the format of the bibliography for those references in footnotes, formatted in the Chicago style.

There are also guides to citation styles on the ANU website:-

These sites have links to additional web-based sources of information about the Chicago style. Be aware when consulting unofficial guides such as these that they may contain small variations in detail. If you do come across conflicting advice, consult the authoritative manuals for Chicago or Turabian listed below or use the EndNote Chicago 14 th A Output Style in EndNote.

The official manual for Chicago is available in the Reference Section of the Library:-

•  University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 14 th ed. 1993.

Prepared by Georgina Buckley and Patsy Hely

February 2006

Sample Document: Referencing With Footnotes in the Chicago Style

The first footnote is to a videorecording . The second footnote is to a page from a book . The third footnote is to a page from a journal article. The fourth footnote is to a page from an exhibition catalogue. The fifth footnote is to a website. The sixth footnote is to a section or chapter of a book where the editor of the book is different from the author of the section or chapter. The seventh footnote is to a book review in a journal.

Footnotes to sources already cited at least once (subsequent citations) should appear in an abbreviated form as shown by the following footnotes to a book and an article. Note that a page number still needs to be added at the end of subsequent footnotes.

1. Annette Shun Wah et al., Black Australia (Lindfield, N.S.W.: Film Australia, 1990), (VHS videocassette).
2. Nonie Sharp, Saltwater People : The Waves of Memory (Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 2002), 24.
3. Hetti Perkins, "Strange Fruit: The Photographic Art of Brenda L Croft," Art and Asia Pacific 3, no. 1 (1996): 91.
4. Diane Moon, Carried Lightly : An Exhibition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Fibrework from North Queensland (Townsville: Perc Tucker Regional Gallery, 1998), 19.
5. Wally Caruana, Emily Kame Kngwarreye : Alhalkere, Paintings from Utopia (National Gallery of Australia, 1999), http://www.nga.gov.au/ (accessed 21 May 2003).
6. Howard Morphy, "'Now You Understand' - an Analysis of the Way Yolngu Have Used Sacred Knowledge to Retain Their Autonomy," in Aborigines, Land and Land Rights , ed. Nicolas Peterson and Marcia Langton (Canberra: Australian Institute Of Aboriginal Studies, 1983), 120.
7. Peter Mares, "Moving People [Book Review of the Price of Indifference: Refugees and Humanitarian Action in the New Century by Arthur C. Helton (2002)]," Eureka Street 12, no. 7 (2002): 34.
8. Moon, Carried Lightly : An Exhibition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Fibrework from North Queensland , 17.
9. Perkins, "Strange Fruit: The Photographic Art of Brenda L Croft," 93.

Sample Document -Bibliography

Caruana, Wally. Emily Kame Kngwarreye : Alhalkere, Paintings from Utopia . National Gallery of Australia, 1999, http://www.nga.gov.au/ (accessed 21 May 2003).

Mares, Peter. "Moving People [Book Review of the Price of Indifference: Refugees and Humanitarian Action in the New Century by Arthur C. Helton (2002)]." Eureka Street 12, no. 7 (2002): 33-35.

Moon, Diane. Carried Lightly : An Exhibition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Fibrework from North Queensland. Townsville, Perc Tucker Regional Gallery, 1998.

Morphy, Howard. "'Now You Understand' - an Analysis of the Way Yolngu Have Used Sacred Knowledge to Retain Their Autonomy." In Aborigines, Land and Land Rights , edited by Nicolas Peterson and Marcia Langton, 110-33. Canberra: Australian Institute Of Aboriginal Studies, 1983.

Perkins, Hetti. "Strange Fruit: The Photographic Art of Brenda L Croft." Art and Asia Pacific 3, no. 1 (1996): 90-93.

Sharp, Nonie, Saltwater People : The Waves of Memory. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 2002.

Wah, Annette Shun, Michael Brogan, Darrell Sibosado, and Paul Humfress, Black Australia . Lindfield, N.S.W.: Film Australia, 1990. (VHS videocassette).

Position of Images:

You can place images in your Report either on the page where you refer to the image, or on a separate sequence of pages at the end of the report.

How to place digital images on a page in your Report:

In Word, select Insert on the top toolbar, then select Picture – From File. Then navigate to where you have stored the digital image.

Captioning

Each image needs a ‘caption' which appears underneath the image to provide selected information, - the artist's name and title of work. This is preceded by a sequentially numbered ‘Figure number' as in the following examples:

Fig. 1 . Naomi Shioya, Round Shade

Fig. 2. Tony Tuckson, White Over Red on Blue

Fig. 3 . Artie Student, Untitled

Fig. 4. Howard Arkley , Superb + solid

A detailed description of each image should appear as a numbered ‘Figure List' or ‘List of Illustrations' on the page after the Table of Contents. The following example shows the correct layout and the detail required. Note that if the image is scanned from a source such as a book or a journal article, or downloaded from a website, that source should be referenced in the List, as in the following examples:

Fig. 1 . Naomi Shioya, Round Shade, 2002. Sandblasted kiln-glass , 48 x 43 x 7 cm. From Neues Glass , Fall 2004, 37

Fig. 2. Tony Tuckson, White Over Red on Blue, 1971. Synthetic polymer paint on composition board, 213 x 244 cm. From Painting Forever: Tony Tuckson , National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 2000,

Fig. 3 . Artie Student, Untitled, 2006. type-C photograph, 50 x 30 cm.